Digital_Repository/Misc/Mass downloads/UTas/2186.html at 306ce8fa1f6a963a67d8f587e4c2fecc30412ae0

nigel.stanger / Digital_Repository
Find file
Newer
Older
Digital_Repository / Misc / Mass downloads / UTas / 2186.html
Nigel Stanger on 7 May 2013 33 KB - Imported Misc directory.
Raw Blame History
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html>
  <head>
    <title>UTas ePrints - Birthing asynchrony is not a consequence of asynchronous offspring development in a non-avian vertebrate, the Australian skink Egernia whitii</title>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/javascript/auto.js"><!-- padder --></script>
    <style type="text/css" media="screen">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/auto.css);</style>
    <style type="text/css" media="print">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/print.css);</style>
    <link rel="icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/images/eprints/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
    <link rel="Top" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/" />
    <link rel="Search" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" />
    <meta content="While, G.M." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Jones, Susan M." name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="Wapstra, Erik" name="eprints.creators_name" />
<meta content="gwhile@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="S.M.Jones@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="erik.wapstra@utas.edu.au" name="eprints.creators_id" />
<meta content="article" name="eprints.type" />
<meta content="2007-10-15 02:42:20" name="eprints.datestamp" />
<meta content="2008-02-04T02:12:45Z" name="eprints.lastmod" />
<meta content="show" name="eprints.metadata_visibility" />
<meta content="Birthing asynchrony is not a consequence of asynchronous
offspring development in a non-avian vertebrate, the Australian skink Egernia whitii" name="eprints.title" />
<meta content="pub" name="eprints.ispublished" />
<meta content="270706" name="eprints.subjects" />
<meta content="restricted" name="eprints.full_text_status" />
<meta content="hatching asynchrony, reptile, sociality, viviparity, White’s skink
" name="eprints.keywords" />
<meta content="The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com" name="eprints.note" />
<meta content="1. One of the major impediments to our understanding of avian hatching asynchrony
is the difficulty in separating hypotheses that concentrate on the onset of incubation
from those that explain hatching asynchrony adaptively. To address this, ideally we
need a system(s) in which we can uncouple these two sets of hypotheses. Such a system
exists in the skink genus Egernia.
2. We documented birthing asynchrony (analogous to hatching asynchrony) and
the mechanisms underlying birthing asynchrony in the White’s skink,
Egernia whitii (Lacépède, 1804), a medium-sized, viviparous skink species that displays complex
sociality.
3. Egernia whitii females gave birth to offspring asynchronously (100% of litters), with
an average of >2 days between births. We show that embryo gestation is synchronous
with asynchrony first observed at birth. Furthermore, when birth of the entire litter was
induced at the birth of the first offspring, there was no difference in development, mass
or weight between first (naturally) born offspring and second and third (induced)
offspring.
4. These results suggest that birthing asynchrony in this species is not a consequence
of the constraint of asynchronous offspring development, but rather, females retain
offspring despite all offspring being fully developed. This suggests that birthing
asynchrony in this genus may have an adaptive explanation.
5. We discuss the potential adaptive explanations of birthing asynchrony in this genus,
taking into account the potential links with indirect parental care and social organization,
specifically the advantages that birthing asynchrony may offer to offspring in a highly
competitive social environment." name="eprints.abstract" />
<meta content="2007-06" name="eprints.date" />
<meta content="published" name="eprints.date_type" />
<meta content="Functional Ecology" name="eprints.publication" />
<meta content="21" name="eprints.volume" />
<meta content="3" name="eprints.number" />
<meta content="513-519" name="eprints.pagerange" />
<meta content="10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01272.x" name="eprints.id_number" />
<meta content="TRUE" name="eprints.refereed" />
<meta content="0269-8463" name="eprints.issn" />
<meta content="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01272.x" name="eprints.official_url" />
<meta content="Ardia, D.R., Cooper, C.B. &amp; Dhondt, A.A. (2006) Warm
temperatures lead to early onset of incubation, shorter
incubation periods and greater hatching asynchrony in tree
swallows, Tachycineta bicolour, at the extremes of their
range. Journal of Avian Biology 37, 137–142.
Arnold, T.W., Rohwer, F.C. &amp; Armstrong, T. (1987) Egg
viability, nest predation, and the adaptive significance of
clutch size in prairie ducks. American Naturalist 130, 643–
653.
Atkins, N., Jones, S.M. &amp; Guillette, L.J. Jr (2006) Timing of
parturition in two species of viviparous lizard: influences
of β-adrenergic stimulation and temperature upon uterine
responses to arginine vasotocin (AVT). Journal of Comparative
Physiology B 176, 783–792.
Beissinger, S.R. &amp; Waltman, J.R. (1991) Extraordinary
clutch size and hatching asynchrony of a neotropical
parrot. Auk 108, 863–871.
Beissinger, S.R., Tygielski, S. &amp; Elderd, B. (1998) Social constraints
on the onset of incubation in a neotropical parrot:
a nestbox addition experiment. Animal Behaviour 55, 21–32.
Blackburn, D.G. &amp; Evans, H.E. (1986) Why are there no
viviparous birds? American Naturalist 128, 165–190.
Bull, C.M. &amp; Baghurst, B.C. (1998) Home range overlap of
mothers and their offspring in the sleepy lizard, Tiliqua
rugosa. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 42, 357–362.
Bull, C.M., Griffin, C.L., Lanham, E.J. &amp; Johnston, G.R.
(2000) Recognition of pheromones from group members in
a gregarious lizard, Egernia stokesii. Journal of Herpetology
34, 92–99.
Chapple, D.G. (2003) Ecology, life-history, and behaviour in
the Australian Scincid genus Egernia, with comments on the
evolution of complex sociality in lizards. Herpetological
Monographs 17, 145–180.
Chapple, D.G. (2005) Life history and reproductive ecology
of White’s skink, Egernia whitii. Australian Journal of Zoology
35, 353–360.
Chapple, D.G. &amp; Keogh, J.S. (2005) Group structure and
stability in social aggregations of White’s skink, Egernia
whitii. Ethology 112, 247–257.
Cree, A. &amp; Guillette, J.L. Jr (1991) Effects of β-adrenergic
stimulation on uterine contraction in response to arginine
vasotocin and prostaglandin F2α in the gecko Hoplodactylus
maculates. Biology of Reproduction 44, 499–510.
Duffield, G.A. &amp; Bull, C.M. (1996) Characteristics of the
litter of the Gidgee skink, Egernia stokesii. Wildlife Research
23, 337–342.
Duffield, G.A. &amp; Bull, C.M. (2002) Stable social aggregations
in an Australian lizard, Egernia stokesii. Naturwissenschaften
89, 424–427.
Fergusson, B. &amp; Bradshaw, S.D. (1991) Plasma arginine
vasotocin. Progesterone, and luteal development during
pregnancy in the viviparous lizard Tiliqua rugosa. General
and Comparative Endocrinology 82, 140–151.
Forbes, S., Thornton, S., Glassey, B., Forbes, M. &amp; Buckley, N.J.
(1997) Why parent birds play favourites. Nature 390, 351–352.
Gardner, M.G., Bull, C.M., Cooper, S.J.B. &amp; Duffield, G.A.
(2001) Genetic evidence for a family structure in stable
social aggregations of the Australian lizard Egernia
stokesii. Molecular Ecology 10, 175–183.
Girling, J.E. (2002) The reptilian oviduct: a review of structure
and function and directions for future research. Journal of
Experimental Zoology 293, 141–170.
Girling, J.E. &amp; Jones, S.M. (2006) In vitro steroid production
by adrenals and kidney-gonads from embryonic southern
snow skinks (Niveoscinscus microlepidotus): implications
for the control of the timing of parturition? General and
Comparative Endocrinology 145, 169–176.
Girling, J.E., Jones, S.M. &amp; Swain, R. (2002) Induction of parturition
in snow skinks: can low temperatures inhibit the actions
of AVT? Journal of Experimental Zoology 293, 525–531.
Hahn, D.C. (1981) Asynchronous hatching in the laughing
gull: cutting losses and reducing rivalry. Animal Behaviour
29, 421–427.
Hebert, P.N. &amp; McNeil, R. (1999) Hatching asynchrony and
food stress in ring-billed gulls: an experimental study.
Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, 515–523.
Hussell, D.J.T. (1972) Factors affecting clutch size in Arctic
passerines. Ecological Monographs 42, 317–364.
Ingram, C. (1959) Cannibalism in the breeding biology of
certain birds of prey. Auk. 76, 218–226.
Johnson, M. &amp; Everitt, B. (1988) Essential Reproduction, 3rd
edn. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
Kendra, P.E., Roth, R.R. &amp; Tallamy, D.W. (1988) Conspecific
brood parasitism in the house sparrow. Wilson Bulletin
100, 80–90.
Lack, D. (1954) The Natural Regulation of Animal Numbers.
Oxford University Press, London.
Magrath, R.D. (1990) Hatching asynchrony in altricial birds.
Biological Review 65, 587–622.
Manning, B. (2002) Notes on the captive breeding of the
swamp skink (Egernia coventryi). Herpetofauna 32, 35–38.
Massemin, S., Korpimaki, E., Poyri, V. &amp; Zorn, T. (2002)
Influence of hatching order on growth rate and resting
metabolism of kestrel nestlings. Journal of Avian Biology
33, 235–244.
Mock, D.W. &amp; Ploger, B.J. (1987) Parental manipulation of
optimal hatch asynchrony in cattle egrets: an experimental
study. Animal Behaviour 35, 150–160.
Mock, D.W. &amp; Schwagmeyer, P.L. (1991) The peak load
reduction hypothesis for avian hatching asynchrony.
Evolutionary Ecology 4, 249–260.
Muller, J.K. &amp; Eggert, A.K. (1990) Time-dependent shifts
between infanticidal and parental behavior in female burying
beetles: a mechanism of indirect mother–offspring recognition.
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 27, 11–16.
Nalepa, C.A. (1988) Reproduction in the woodroach Cryptocercus
punctulatus Scudder (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae):
mating, oviposition, and hatch. Annals of the Entomological
Society of America 81, 637–641.
Neaves, L., Wapstra, E., Birch, D., Girling, J.E. &amp; Joss, J.M.P.
(2006) Embryonic gonadal and sexual organ development
in a small viviparous skink, Niveoscincus ocellatus. Journal
of Experimental Zoology 305A, 75–82.
Norris, D.O. (1997) Vertebrate Endocrinology. Academic
Press, San Diego, CA, USA.
O’Connor, D. &amp; Shine, R. (2003) Lizards in ‘nuclear families’: a
novel reptilian social system in Egernia saxatilis (Scincidae).
Molecular Ecology 12, 743–752.
O’Connor, D. &amp; Shine, R. (2004) Parental care protects
against infanticide in the lizard Egernia saxatilis (Scincidae).
Animal Behaviour 68, 1361–1369.
O’Connor, D. &amp; Shine, R. (2006) Kin discrimination in the
social lizard Egernia saxatilis (Scincidae). Behavioral
Ecology 17, 206–211.
Shaw, G. &amp; Renfree, M.B. (2001) Fetal control of parturition
in marsupials. Reproduction Fertility and Development 13,
653–659.
Slagsvold, T. (1990) Fisher’s sex ratio theory may explain
hatching patterns in birds. Evolution 44, 1009–1017.
Slagsvold, T., Amundsen, T. &amp; Dale, S. (1994) Selection by
sexual conflict for evenly spaced offspring in blue tits.
Nature 370, 136–138.
Smiseth, P.T., Ward, R.J.S. &amp; Moore, A.J. (2006) Asynchronous
hatching in Nicrophorus vespilloides, an insect in
which parents provide food for their offspring. Functional
Ecology 20, 151–156.
Stenning, M.J. (1996) Hatching asynchrony, brood reduction,
and other rapidly reproducing hypotheses. Trends in
Ecology and Evolution 11, 243–246.
Stoleson, S.H. &amp; Beissinger, S.R. (1995) Hatching asynchrony
and the onset of incubation in birds, revisited. When
is the critical period? Current Ornithology 12, 191–270.
Stow, A.J. &amp; Sunnucks, P. (2004) High mate and site fidelity
in Cunningham’s skinks (Egernia cunninghami) in natural
and fragmented habitat. Molecular Ecology 13, 419–430.
Tilgar, V. &amp; Mand, R. (2006) Sibling growth patterns in great
tits: does increased selection on last-hatched chicks favour
an asynchronous hatching strategy? Evolutionary Ecology
20, 217–234.
Vinuela, J. (1999) Sibling aggression, hatching asynchrony,
and nestling mortality in the black kite (Milvus migrans).
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 45, 33–45." name="eprints.referencetext" />
<meta content="While, G.M. and Jones, Susan M. and Wapstra, Erik (2007) Birthing asynchrony is not a consequence of asynchronous offspring development in a non-avian vertebrate, the Australian skink Egernia whitii. Functional Ecology, 21 (3). pp. 513-519. ISSN 0269-8463" name="eprints.citation" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2186/1/BirthingAsynchrony.pdf" name="eprints.document_url" />
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" />
<meta content="Birthing asynchrony is not a consequence of asynchronous
offspring development in a non-avian vertebrate, the Australian skink Egernia whitii" name="DC.title" />
<meta content="While, G.M." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Jones, Susan M." name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="Wapstra, Erik" name="DC.creator" />
<meta content="270706 Life Histories (incl. Population Ecology)" name="DC.subject" />
<meta content="1. One of the major impediments to our understanding of avian hatching asynchrony
is the difficulty in separating hypotheses that concentrate on the onset of incubation
from those that explain hatching asynchrony adaptively. To address this, ideally we
need a system(s) in which we can uncouple these two sets of hypotheses. Such a system
exists in the skink genus Egernia.
2. We documented birthing asynchrony (analogous to hatching asynchrony) and
the mechanisms underlying birthing asynchrony in the White’s skink,
Egernia whitii (Lacépède, 1804), a medium-sized, viviparous skink species that displays complex
sociality.
3. Egernia whitii females gave birth to offspring asynchronously (100% of litters), with
an average of >2 days between births. We show that embryo gestation is synchronous
with asynchrony first observed at birth. Furthermore, when birth of the entire litter was
induced at the birth of the first offspring, there was no difference in development, mass
or weight between first (naturally) born offspring and second and third (induced)
offspring.
4. These results suggest that birthing asynchrony in this species is not a consequence
of the constraint of asynchronous offspring development, but rather, females retain
offspring despite all offspring being fully developed. This suggests that birthing
asynchrony in this genus may have an adaptive explanation.
5. We discuss the potential adaptive explanations of birthing asynchrony in this genus,
taking into account the potential links with indirect parental care and social organization,
specifically the advantages that birthing asynchrony may offer to offspring in a highly
competitive social environment." name="DC.description" />
<meta content="2007-06" name="DC.date" />
<meta content="Article" name="DC.type" />
<meta content="PeerReviewed" name="DC.type" />
<meta content="application/pdf" name="DC.format" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2186/1/BirthingAsynchrony.pdf" name="DC.identifier" />
<meta content="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01272.x" name="DC.relation" />
<meta content="While, G.M. and Jones, Susan M. and Wapstra, Erik (2007) Birthing asynchrony is not a consequence of asynchronous offspring development in a non-avian vertebrate, the Australian skink Egernia whitii. Functional Ecology, 21 (3). pp. 513-519. ISSN 0269-8463" name="DC.identifier" />
<meta content="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2186/" name="DC.relation" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2186/BibTeX/epprod-eprint-2186.bib" title="BibTeX" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2186/ContextObject/epprod-eprint-2186.xml" title="OpenURL ContextObject" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2186/ContextObject::Dissertation/epprod-eprint-2186.xml" title="OpenURL Dissertation" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2186/ContextObject::Journal/epprod-eprint-2186.xml" title="OpenURL Journal" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2186/DC/epprod-eprint-2186.txt" title="Dublin Core" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2186/DIDL/epprod-eprint-2186.xml" title="DIDL" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2186/EndNote/epprod-eprint-2186.enw" title="EndNote" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2186/HTML/epprod-eprint-2186.html" title="HTML Citation" type="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2186/METS/epprod-eprint-2186.xml" title="METS" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2186/MODS/epprod-eprint-2186.xml" title="MODS" type="text/xml" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2186/RIS/epprod-eprint-2186.ris" title="Reference Manager" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2186/Refer/epprod-eprint-2186.refer" title="Refer" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2186/Simple/epprod-eprint-2186text" title="Simple Metadata" type="text/plain" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2186/Text/epprod-eprint-2186.txt" title="ASCII Citation" type="text/plain; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="alternate" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/export/2186/XML/epprod-eprint-2186.xml" title="EP3 XML" type="text/xml" />
 
  </head>
  <body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" onLoad="loadRoutine(); MM_preloadImages('images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif','images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif')">
    
    <div class="ep_noprint"><noscript><style type="text/css">@import url(http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/nojs.css);</style></noscript></div>
 
 
 
 
<table width="795" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
  <tr>
    <td><script language="JavaScript1.2">mmLoadMenus();</script>
      <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="795">
        <!-- fwtable fwsrc="eprints_banner_final2.png" fwbase="ePrints_banner.gif" fwstyle="Dreamweaver" fwdocid = "1249563342" fwnested="0" -->
        <tr>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="32" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="104" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="44" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="105" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="41" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="16" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="68" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="82" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="69" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="98" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="12"><img name="ePrints_banner_r1_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r1_c1.gif" width="795" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="10" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td rowspan="6"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c1" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c1.gif" width="32" height="118" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td rowspan="5"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c2.gif" width="104" height="103" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
          <td colspan="10"><img name="ePrints_banner_r2_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r2_c3.gif" width="659" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="41" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="3"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c3.gif" width="190" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="2" colspan="7"><img name="ePrints_banner_r3_c6" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r3_c6.gif" width="469" height="37" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="31" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="3"><img name="ePrints_banner_r4_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r4_c3.gif" width="190" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="6" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c3.gif" width="149" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/information.html" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821132634_0,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c5');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c5','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c5" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c5.gif" width="57" height="25" border="0" alt="About" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="2"><a href="/view/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133021_1,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c7');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c7','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c7" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c7.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Browse" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/search/simple" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133201_2,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c8');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c8','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c8" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c8.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="Search" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/register" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout();" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_1018171924_3,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c9');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c9','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c9" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c9.gif" width="68" height="25" border="0" alt="register" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="2"><a href="/perl/users/home" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133422_4,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c10');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c10','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c10" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c10.gif" width="82" height="25" border="0" alt="user area" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="2"><a href="/help/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0821133514_5,0,25,null,'ePrints_banner_r5_c11');MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r5_c11','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c11" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c11.gif" width="69" height="25" border="0" alt="Help" /></a></td>
          <td rowspan="3" colspan="4"><img name="ePrints_banner_r5_c12" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r5_c12.gif" width="98" height="40" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td rowspan="2"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c3" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c3.gif" width="44" height="39" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></td>
          <td><a href="/" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('ePrints_banner_r6_c4','','/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4_f2.gif',1);"><img name="ePrints_banner_r6_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r6_c4.gif" width="105" height="24" border="0" alt="ePrints home" /></a></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="24" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c2" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c2.gif" width="104" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td colspan="8"><img name="ePrints_banner_r7_c4" src="/images/eprints/ePrints_banner_r7_c4.gif" width="517" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
          <td><img src="/images/eprints/spacer.gif" width="1" height="15" border="0" alt="" /></td>
        </tr>
      </table></td>
  </tr>
    <tr><td><table width="100%" style="font-size: 90%; border: solid 1px #ccc; padding: 3px"><tr>
      <td align="left"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home">Login</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/register">Create Account</a></td>
      <td align="right" style="white-space: nowrap">
        <form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/search" style="display:inline">
          <input class="ep_tm_searchbarbox" size="20" type="text" name="q" />
          <input class="ep_tm_searchbarbutton" value="Search" type="submit" name="_action_search" />
          <input type="hidden" name="_order" value="bytitle" />
          <input type="hidden" name="basic_srchtype" value="ALL" />
          <input type="hidden" name="_satisfyall" value="ALL" />
        </form>
      </td>
    </tr></table></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="toplinks"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="content" -->
 
 
<div align="center">
  
  <table width="720" class="ep_tm_main"><tr><td align="left">
    <h1 class="ep_tm_pagetitle">Birthing asynchrony is not a consequence of asynchronous offspring development in a non-avian vertebrate, the Australian skink Egernia whitii</h1>
    <p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><span class="person_name">While, G.M.</span> and <span class="person_name">Jones, Susan M.</span> and <span class="person_name">Wapstra, Erik</span> (2007) <xhtml:em>Birthing asynchrony is not a consequence of asynchronous offspring development in a non-avian vertebrate, the Australian skink Egernia whitii.</xhtml:em> Functional Ecology, 21 (3). pp. 513-519. ISSN 0269-8463</p><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"></p><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block"><tr><td valign="top" style="text-align:center"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2186/1/BirthingAsynchrony.pdf"><img alt="[img]" src="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png" class="ep_doc_icon" border="0" /></a></td><td valign="top"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2186/1/BirthingAsynchrony.pdf"><span class="ep_document_citation">PDF</span></a> - Full text restricted - Requires a PDF viewer<br />101Kb</td><td><form method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" action="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/request_doc"><input accept-charset="utf-8" value="2776" name="docid" type="hidden" /><div class=""><input value="Request a copy" name="_action_null" class="ep_form_action_button" onclick="return EPJS_button_pushed( '_action_null' )" type="submit" /> </div></form></td></tr></table><p style="margin-bottom: 1em" class="not_ep_block">Official URL: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01272.x">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01272.x</a></p><div class="not_ep_block"><h2>Abstract</h2><p style="padding-bottom: 16px; text-align: left; margin: 1em auto 0em auto">1. One of the major impediments to our understanding of avian hatching asynchrony&#13;
is the difficulty in separating hypotheses that concentrate on the onset of incubation&#13;
from those that explain hatching asynchrony adaptively. To address this, ideally we&#13;
need a system(s) in which we can uncouple these two sets of hypotheses. Such a system&#13;
exists in the skink genus Egernia.&#13;
2. We documented birthing asynchrony (analogous to hatching asynchrony) and&#13;
the mechanisms underlying birthing asynchrony in the White’s skink,&#13;
Egernia whitii (Lacépède, 1804), a medium-sized, viviparous skink species that displays complex&#13;
sociality.&#13;
3. Egernia whitii females gave birth to offspring asynchronously (100% of litters), with&#13;
an average of &gt;2 days between births. We show that embryo gestation is synchronous&#13;
with asynchrony first observed at birth. Furthermore, when birth of the entire litter was&#13;
induced at the birth of the first offspring, there was no difference in development, mass&#13;
or weight between first (naturally) born offspring and second and third (induced)&#13;
offspring.&#13;
4. These results suggest that birthing asynchrony in this species is not a consequence&#13;
of the constraint of asynchronous offspring development, but rather, females retain&#13;
offspring despite all offspring being fully developed. This suggests that birthing&#13;
asynchrony in this genus may have an adaptive explanation.&#13;
5. We discuss the potential adaptive explanations of birthing asynchrony in this genus,&#13;
taking into account the potential links with indirect parental care and social organization,&#13;
specifically the advantages that birthing asynchrony may offer to offspring in a highly&#13;
competitive social environment.</p></div><table style="margin-bottom: 1em" cellpadding="3" class="not_ep_block" border="0"><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Item Type:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">Article</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Additional Information:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Keywords:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">hatching asynchrony, reptile, sociality, viviparity, White’s skink&#13;
</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Subjects:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/view/subjects/270706.html">270000 Biological Sciences &gt; 270700 Ecology and Evolution &gt; 270706 Life Histories (incl. Population Ecology)</a></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Collections:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">UNSPECIFIED</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ID Code:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">2186</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited By:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><span class="ep_name_citation"><span class="person_name">Dr Erik Wapstra</span></span></td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Deposited On:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">15 Oct 2007 13:42</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">Last Modified:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row">04 Feb 2008 13:12</td></tr><tr><th valign="top" class="ep_row">ePrint Statistics:</th><td valign="top" class="ep_row"><a target="ePrintStats" href="/es/index.php?action=show_detail_eprint;id=2186;">View statistics for this ePrint</a></td></tr></table><p align="right">Repository Staff Only: <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::View&amp;eprintid=2186">item control page</a></p>
  </td></tr></table>
</div>
 
 
 
    <!-- InstanceEndEditable --></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><!-- #BeginLibraryItem "/Library/footer_eprints.lbi" -->
    <table width="795" border="0" align="left" cellpadding="0" class="footer">
  <tr valign="top">
<td colspan="2"><div align="center"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au">UTAS home</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/library/">Library home</a> | <a href="/">ePrints home</a> | <a href="/contact.html">contact</a> | <a href="/information.html">about</a> | <a href="/view/">browse</a> | <a href="/perl/search/simple">search</a> | <a href="/perl/register">register</a> | <a href="/perl/users/home">user area</a> | <a href="/help/">help</a></div><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><p><img src="/images/eprints/footerline.gif" width="100%" height="4" /></p></td></tr>
      <tr valign="top">
        <td width="68%" class="footer">Authorised by the University Librarian<br />
© University of Tasmania ABN 30 764 374 782<br />
      <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/cricos/">CRICOS Provider Code 00586B</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/copyright/copyright_disclaimers.html">Copyright &amp; Disclaimers</a> | <a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/accessibility/index.html">Accessibility</a> | <a href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/feedback/">Site Feedback</a>  </td>
        <td width="32%"><div align="right">
            <p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><img src="http://www.utas.edu.au/shared/logos/unioftasstrip.gif" alt="University of Tasmania Home Page" width="260" height="16" border="0" align="right" /></a></p>
            <p align="right" class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.utas.edu.au/"><br />
            </a></p>
        </div></td>
      </tr>
      <tr valign="top">
        <td><p>  </p></td>
        <td><div align="right"><span class="NoPrint"><a href="http://www.eprints.org/software/"><img src="/images/eprintslogo.gif" alt="ePrints logo" width="77" height="29" border="0" align="bottom" /></a></span></div></td>
      </tr>
    </table>
    <!-- #EndLibraryItem -->
    <div align="center"></div></td>
  </tr>
</table>
 
  </body>
</html>